PlantGraph is a living atlas built from public-domain and open-license datasets. This page documents every field we surface and which upstream source(s) populate it. Almost every value traces back to a specific record in one of these sources, with a thin layer of hand-curated editorial data filling the remaining gaps.
When two sources disagree on the same field, we don’t silently pick one. The conflict resolver (schema §3.4) ranks candidates by source authority, evidence type (genetic > measured > claimed > reference), confidence, and observation year, then flags the loser as disputed so the conflict surfaces in the UI rather than getting buried. For historical-origin fields specifically, primary-source filings (USPTO patent records, GRIN breeder records flagged Bred / Developed) outrank encyclopedic claims (Wikidata).
Stable identifiers and the canonical display name for each cultivar.
| Field | GRIN | NFC | USPTO_PP | USPTO_PP_LEGACY | NAL | WIKIDATA | WIKIPEDIA_APPLES | BEACH_1905 | DOWNING_1869 | HOGG_1851 | BUNYARD_1920 | MURANTY_2020 | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASE | PURDUE_NEWCROP | ARK_OF_TASTE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| preferred_name | GRINprimary | NFCfallback | USPTO_PPstub | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ARK_OF_TASTEstub |
| pi_number | GRINprimary | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| gmal_number | GRINprimary | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| nfc_id | — | NFCprimary | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| wikidata_qid | — | — | — | — | — | WIKIDATAprimary | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| scientific_name | GRINprimary | NFCfallback | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Historical provenance of the cultivar — when and where the variety was bred or first selected. Source authority is USPTO_PP > GRIN (Bred/Developed only) > WIKIDATA, applied through the §3.4 conflict resolver. GRIN's accession-shipment metadata (Collected / Donated records) is intentionally NOT honored for these fields — those describe how USDA-Geneva acquired a sample, not where the cultivar came from.
| Field | GRIN | NFC | USPTO_PP | USPTO_PP_LEGACY | NAL | WIKIDATA | WIKIPEDIA_APPLES | BEACH_1905 | DOWNING_1869 | HOGG_1851 | BUNYARD_1920 | MURANTY_2020 | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASE | PURDUE_NEWCROP | ARK_OF_TASTE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| origin_year | GRINprimary (Bred/Developed only) | — | USPTO_PPprimary (filing date) | — | — | WIKIDATAfallback | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESprose fallback | BEACH_1905prose fallback | DOWNING_1869prose fallback | HOGG_1851prose fallback | BUNYARD_1920prose fallback | — | — | — | — |
| origin_country | GRINprimary (Bred/Developed only) | — | USPTO_PPprimary (US patents) | — | — | WIKIDATAfallback | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESprose fallback | BEACH_1905prose fallback | DOWNING_1869prose fallback | HOGG_1851prose fallback | BUNYARD_1920prose fallback | — | — | — | ARK_OF_TASTEreference fallback |
| origin_region | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ARK_OF_TASTEregional designation |
| origin_location | — | — | — | — | — | — | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESprose | BEACH_1905prose | DOWNING_1869prose | HOGG_1851prose | BUNYARD_1920prose | — | — | — | — |
| cultivar_group | — | NFCprimary | — | — | — | — | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESprose fallback | BEACH_1905prose fallback | DOWNING_1869prose fallback | HOGG_1851prose fallback | BUNYARD_1920prose (often direct) | — | — | — | — |
Numeric and categorical observations from research-collection trials. Each measurement is stored as an :Assertion node so the source, year, and confidence are queryable.
| Field | GRIN | NFC | USPTO_PP | USPTO_PP_LEGACY | NAL | WIKIDATA | WIKIPEDIA_APPLES | BEACH_1905 | DOWNING_1869 | HOGG_1851 | BUNYARD_1920 | MURANTY_2020 | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASE | PURDUE_NEWCROP | ARK_OF_TASTE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| brix_degrees | GRINmeasured | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| titratable_acidity_g_l_mae | GRINmeasured | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ph_juice | GRINmeasured | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| firmness_lb_inch2 | GRINmeasured | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| fruit_size_g | GRINmeasured | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| fruit_diameter_mm_max | GRINmeasured | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| fruit_height_mm / fruit_width_mm | — | NFCmeasured | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Morphological descriptors (skin/flesh color, shape, ribbing) | GRINcategorical | NFCcategorical | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Per-cultivar disease resistance ratings on a 7-level enum (highly_resistant → highly_susceptible). Cornell Apple Variety Database is the first source for these fields, aggregating from 9 public-domain extension publications. Future sources (AHDB UK, Purdue BP-132-W, EFSA PLH) will extend the FIELD_POLICIES chain.
| Field | GRIN | NFC | USPTO_PP | USPTO_PP_LEGACY | NAL | WIKIDATA | WIKIPEDIA_APPLES | BEACH_1905 | DOWNING_1869 | HOGG_1851 | BUNYARD_1920 | MURANTY_2020 | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASE | PURDUE_NEWCROP | ARK_OF_TASTE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| scab_susceptibility | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASEaggregated review | PURDUE_NEWCROPPRI breeding record | — |
| fireblight_susceptibility | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASEaggregated review | PURDUE_NEWCROPPRI breeding record | — |
| powdery_mildew_susceptibility | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASEaggregated review | PURDUE_NEWCROPPRI breeding record | — |
| cedar_apple_rust_susceptibility | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASEaggregated review | PURDUE_NEWCROPPRI breeding record | — |
| leaf_spot_susceptibility | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASEaggregated review | — | — |
U.S. plant-patent metadata. USPTO is canonical; Wikidata's patent claim is reference-tier and loses to USPTO whenever both are present.
| Field | GRIN | NFC | USPTO_PP | USPTO_PP_LEGACY | NAL | WIKIDATA | WIKIPEDIA_APPLES | BEACH_1905 | DOWNING_1869 | HOGG_1851 | BUNYARD_1920 | MURANTY_2020 | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASE | PURDUE_NEWCROP | ARK_OF_TASTE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| us_plant_patent_number | — | — | USPTO_PPauthoritative (post-2001) | USPTO_PP_LEGACYauthoritative (pre-2001) | — | WIKIDATAreference | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| patent_status | — | — | USPTO_PPprimary | USPTO_PP_LEGACYfallback (lacks status field) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| patent_filing_date | — | — | USPTO_PPprimary | USPTO_PP_LEGACYprimary (pre-2001) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| patent_grant_date | — | — | USPTO_PPprimary | USPTO_PP_LEGACYprimary (pre-2001) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| patent_expiry_date | — | — | USPTO_PPprimary | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Fields the authoritative sources don't carry — paraphrased description, flavor/texture/use tags, ploidy when stated. Sourced from historical-pomology treatises and Wikipedia via Claude-driven extraction (claude-haiku-4-5). The authority chain is Beach 1905 > Downing 1869 > Hogg 1851 / Bunyard 1920 > Wikipedia — same evidence tier (prose), tie broken by specialist > generalist > UK-pomology > encyclopedic. Lowest evidence tier overall; coalesce-only writes (fill blanks, never overwrite higher-evidence values).
| Field | GRIN | NFC | USPTO_PP | USPTO_PP_LEGACY | NAL | WIKIDATA | WIKIPEDIA_APPLES | BEACH_1905 | DOWNING_1869 | HOGG_1851 | BUNYARD_1920 | MURANTY_2020 | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASE | PURDUE_NEWCROP | ARK_OF_TASTE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| summary_description | — | — | — | — | — | — | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESprose (encyclopedic) | BEACH_1905prose (specialist) | DOWNING_1869prose (generalist) | HOGG_1851prose (UK) | BUNYARD_1920prose (UK) | — | — | — | — |
| primary_uses[] | — | — | — | — | — | — | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESprose | BEACH_1905prose | DOWNING_1869prose | HOGG_1851prose | BUNYARD_1920prose | — | — | — | — |
| flavor_profile_tags[] | — | — | — | — | — | — | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESprose | BEACH_1905prose | DOWNING_1869prose | HOGG_1851prose | BUNYARD_1920prose | — | — | — | — |
| texture_tags[] | — | — | — | — | — | — | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESprose | BEACH_1905prose | DOWNING_1869prose | HOGG_1851prose | BUNYARD_1920prose | — | — | — | — |
| ploidy | — | — | — | — | — | — | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESprose (when stated) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Heritage cultivar context that no modern source carries, preserved from the four historical-pomology treatises: S.A. Beach's 1905 The Apples of New York, Charles Downing's 1869 The Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America, Robert Hogg's 1851 British Pomology, and Edward Bunyard's 1920 Handbook of Hardy Fruits. Authority runs Beach (NY-region specialist) > Downing (US generalist) > Hogg / Bunyard (UK) when multiple carry the same field.
| Field | GRIN | NFC | USPTO_PP | USPTO_PP_LEGACY | NAL | WIKIDATA | WIKIPEDIA_APPLES | BEACH_1905 | DOWNING_1869 | HOGG_1851 | BUNYARD_1920 | MURANTY_2020 | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASE | PURDUE_NEWCROP | ARK_OF_TASTE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| historical_status | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | BEACH_1905extinct/heritage/commercial (1905-frame) | DOWNING_1869extinct/heritage/commercial (1869-frame) | HOGG_1851heritage status (1851-frame) | BUNYARD_1920heritage status (1920-frame) | — | — | — | — |
| original_breeder | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | BEACH_1905prose | DOWNING_1869prose | HOGG_1851prose | BUNYARD_1920prose | — | — | — | — |
| original_introduction_nursery | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | BEACH_1905prose | DOWNING_1869prose | HOGG_1851prose | BUNYARD_1920prose | — | — | — | — |
| original_introduction_year | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | BEACH_1905prose | DOWNING_1869prose | HOGG_1851prose | BUNYARD_1920prose | — | — | — | — |
| period_descriptors[] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | BEACH_1905Victorian-era flavor vocabulary | — | HOGG_1851period vocabulary | BUNYARD_1920period vocabulary | — | — | — | — |
| hogg_cited_authority | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | HOGG_1851cited authority abbrev. (Lind., Fors., …) | — | — | — | — | — |
Edges in the graph. A single cultivar can carry parallel edges from multiple sources — useful for cross-validating disputed parentages.
| Field | GRIN | NFC | USPTO_PP | USPTO_PP_LEGACY | NAL | WIKIDATA | WIKIPEDIA_APPLES | BEACH_1905 | DOWNING_1869 | HOGG_1851 | BUNYARD_1920 | MURANTY_2020 | CORNELL_APPLE_DISEASE | PURDUE_NEWCROP | ARK_OF_TASTE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| :CLAIMED_PARENT_OF | GRINpedigree text | NFCpedigree text | — | — | — | WIKIDATAP1531 + P40 | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESprose × notation (only if parent in graph) | BEACH_1905Historical paragraph (only if parent in graph) | DOWNING_1869seedling-of prose (only if parent in graph) | HOGG_1851prose (only if parent in graph) | BUNYARD_1920prose (only if parent in graph) | — | — | — | — |
| :GENETIC_PARENT_OF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | MURANTY_2020SNP-validated (top evidence tier) | — | — | — |
| :HAS_SYNONYM / :SYNONYM_OF | GRINpassport synonyms | NFCpage synonyms | — | — | — | WIKIDATAskos:altLabel @en | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESrow aliases | BEACH_1905Synonyms section | DOWNING_1869post-header synonym line | HOGG_1851synonyms (FR/DE/NL) | BUNYARD_1920synonyms (FR/DE) | — | — | — | — |
| :HAS_IMAGE → :Image (and c.imageUrl) | GRINaccession photos | NFCaccession photos | — | — | NALwatercolors | WIKIDATAP18 | WIKIPEDIA_APPLESrow thumbnails | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| :PROTECTED_BY → :Patent | — | — | USPTO_PPpatent record | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
USDA's Plant Genetic Resources Unit at Geneva, NY — the world's largest apple germplasm collection (~6,000 Malus accessions). Authoritative for PI numbers, taxonomy, and per-accession measurements (brix, acidity, fruit dimensions). GRIN's Origin field describes the cultivar's actual breeding program only when the verb prefix is “Bred” or “Developed”; “Collected” / “Donated” records describe the accession-shipment provenance and are deliberately ignored for cultivar origin.
Contributes: preferred_name, pi_number, gmal_number, scientific_name, origin_year (Bred/Developed only), origin_country (Bred/Developed only), brix_degrees, titratable_acidity, ph_juice, firmness, fruit_size_g, :CLAIMED_PARENT_OF, :HAS_SYNONYM, :HAS_IMAGE
https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/ ↗The UK national reference collection at Brogdale — strong on European heritage cultivars. Source for cultivar_group (dessert/culinary/cider), morphological descriptors (skin/flesh color, shape, ribbing), and UK pollination/picking weeks.
Contributes: preferred_name, nfc_id, cultivar_group, scientific_name, fruit_height_mm, fruit_width_mm, morphological descriptors, :CLAIMED_PARENT_OF, :HAS_SYNONYM, :HAS_IMAGE
https://www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk ↗U.S. Plant Patents (35 USC §161) for asexually-reproduced varieties — the dominant IP route for modern North American apples. Coverage starts ~2001; ~313 apple plant patents currently indexed. Filing date is treated as the cultivar's introduction year (legal record of novelty), and the patent's US jurisdiction sets origin_country.
Contributes: us_plant_patent_number, patent_status, patent_filing_date, patent_grant_date, patent_expiry_date, origin_year (filing date), origin_country (US patents), :PROTECTED_BY → :Patent
https://api.uspto.gov ↗Pre-2001 US plant patents backfilled via Google Patents Public Datasets on BigQuery. Same :Patent schema as USPTO_PP — only the retrieval method differs. Closes the coverage gap that excludes Honeycrisp (PP7197, 1991), Gala (PP3637, 1974), Mutsu, Empire, Cripps Pink, and every other commercially-important heritage-modern US cultivar from the post-2001 ODP feed. ~1,500 additional :Patent nodes expected. USPTO_PP wins ties on shared fields (richer status metadata in post-2001 records).
Contributes: us_plant_patent_number (pre-2001), patent_filing_date, patent_grant_date, patent_expiry_date, origin_year (filing date), origin_country (US patents), :PROTECTED_BY → :Patent (shared node with USPTO_PP)
https://console.cloud.google.com/marketplace/product/google_patents_public_datasets ↗~3,800 heritage-cultivar watercolors painted 1886–1942. Image-only — used as fallback hero artwork for cultivars without modern photographs (especially for extinct or obscure varieties).
Contributes: imageUrl (heritage watercolors), :HAS_IMAGE
https://search.nal.usda.gov/discovery/collectionDiscovery?vid=01NAL_INST:MAIN&collectionId=81279629860007426 ↗Cross-reference overlay for ~2,790 apple-cultivar items. Conservative-create policy: never inserts new cultivars, only enriches existing ones with QIDs, English aliases, P18 images, P1531/P40 parent-child edges, and fallback origin data. Wins for heritage cultivars where USPTO and GRIN-Bred records don't exist (e.g. Cox's Orange Pippin → UK 1825).
Contributes: wikidata_qid, origin_year (fallback), origin_country (fallback), us_plant_patent_number (reference), imageUrl, :CLAIMED_PARENT_OF (P1531+P40), :HAS_SYNONYM (skos:altLabel), :HAS_IMAGE (P18)
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15731356 ↗~1,400 alphabetical-table rows whose unstructured “Comment” prose is shipped to Claude (claude-haiku-4-5) for structured extraction — flavor/texture tags, primary uses, origin hints, claimed parentage. Lowest-tier evidence in the graph: prose, confidence ~0.5, fills blanks only and never overwrites GRIN measurements or USPTO claims. The first narrative source — fills consumer-facing fields the authoritative sources don't carry.
Contributes: summary_description, primary_uses, flavor_profile_tags, texture_tags, cultivar_group (fallback), ploidy (when stated), origin_year/country/location (prose, fallback), :CLAIMED_PARENT_OF (only when parent already in graph), :HAS_IMAGE, :HAS_SYNONYM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars ↗S.A. Beach's 1905 two-volume treatise — the most comprehensive single-author US pomology ever published. ~700 cultivar entries covering heritage and (already in 1905) extinct varieties not in any modern source. OCR'd by the Internet Archive; structured fields extracted via Claude (claude-haiku-4-5). Specialist-author confidence (0.65) beats generic Wikipedia prose for summary_description and origin fallbacks. Sole source for historical_status, original_breeder, original_introduction_nursery, period_descriptors.
Contributes: summary_description, historical_status, original_breeder, original_introduction_nursery, original_introduction_year, period_descriptors, origin_year/country/location (prose, fallback), cultivar_group (fallback), :HAS_SYNONYM, :CLAIMED_PARENT_OF (only when parent already in graph)
https://archive.org/details/applesofnewyork01beacrich ↗Charles Downing's 2nd revised edition (1869) — the canonical mid-19th-century US pomology treatise. ~500 apple-section cultivar entries, mostly post-1845 introductions. Documents many cultivars that had already faded by Beach's 1905 publication. US-comprehensive generalist (vs Beach's NY-region specialist focus); confidence 0.6 sits just below Beach in the prose tier. Same LLM extraction pipeline as Beach/Wikipedia.
Contributes: summary_description (after Beach), historical_status, original_breeder, original_introduction_nursery, original_introduction_year, period_descriptors, origin_year/country/location (prose, fallback), cultivar_group (fallback), :HAS_SYNONYM, :CLAIMED_PARENT_OF (only when parent already in graph)
https://archive.org/details/fruitsfruittrees00down_1 ↗Robert Hogg's 1851 apple-only volume — the British counterpart to Downing 1869, with ~300 numbered cultivar entries covering pre-1850 UK and continental varieties. Documents UK heritage cultivars (Court of Wick, Margil, Ribston Pippin) plus French/Dutch/German names. Numbered-entry format yields a cleaner chunker signal than Beach/Downing. Hogg's cited-authority abbreviation (Lind., Fors., Hort., …) preserved on the cultivar node for future cross-reference enrichment. Confidence 0.55 reflects roughest-OCR + UK-focus.
Contributes: hogg_cited_authority, summary_description (after Beach/Downing), historical_status, original_breeder, original_introduction_nursery, original_introduction_year, period_descriptors, origin_year/country/location (prose, fallback), cultivar_group (fallback), :HAS_SYNONYM (incl. French/Dutch/German), :CLAIMED_PARENT_OF (only when parent already in graph)
https://archive.org/details/britishpomology00hogg ↗Edward Bunyard's 1920 UK handbook — the latest of the four historical-pomology sources. ~200 short apple entries covering late-Victorian and Edwardian UK introductions (Laxton's varieties, James Grieve, Worcester Pearmain) plus established heritage cultivars. Inline citation/use format (CAPS NAME. Her. Pom., 16. Dessert, October…) gives the LLM compact, well-labeled inputs — cultivar_group is usually directly stated. Tied with Hogg at 0.55 confidence; sits at the bottom of the historical-pomology authority chain.
Contributes: summary_description (after Beach/Downing/Hogg), historical_status, original_breeder, original_introduction_nursery, original_introduction_year, period_descriptors, origin_year/country/location (prose, fallback), cultivar_group (often direct), :HAS_SYNONYM (incl. French/German), :CLAIMED_PARENT_OF (only when parent already in graph)
https://archive.org/details/handbookofhardyf01bunyrich ↗First genetic-tier source in plantgraph. Muranty et al. (BMC Plant Biology 2020) reconstructed pedigrees for 1,400+ apple cultivars using ~253K SNPs and published 331 SNP-validated parent-offspring duos as supplementary Table S5. Adds the new :GENETIC_PARENT_OF edge type — distinct from :CLAIMED_PARENT_OF, with evidence_type='genetic' (the top rank in the conflict resolver, previously unused). Cultivars get a munq_id scalar for cross-referencing future genetic studies. Examples: McIntosh → Bancroft, Granny Smith → Baujade, Lady Sudeley → Saint Edmund's Pippin, confirmed by mendelian-error analysis of phased SNP haplotypes.
Contributes: munq_id (Muranty universal identifier), :GENETIC_PARENT_OF edges (the canonical parentage edge when present — overrides :CLAIMED_PARENT_OF for the same parent-offspring pair), mendelian_errors per edge (lower = stronger)
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2171-6 ↗First disease-resistance source in plantgraph. Cornell Khan Lab compiled per-cultivar disease ratings for 329 apple cultivars across 5 diseases (apple scab, fire blight, powdery mildew, cedar apple rust, leaf spots) from 9 public-domain extension publications (UTK, Alabama, Clemson, Colorado State, Penn State, Purdue, etc.) plus their own Geneva, NY research orchard. 7-level rating enum: highly_resistant → highly_susceptible. Closes the largest user-facing gap — 'is it scab-resistant?' is the first question every orchardist asks. Future sources (AHDB_APPLE_BPG, EFSA_2024_PLH, etc.) extend the FIELD_POLICIES authority chain for the same 5 fields.
Contributes: scab_susceptibility, fireblight_susceptibility, powdery_mildew_susceptibility, cedar_apple_rust_susceptibility, leaf_spot_susceptibility (each in 7-level enum: highly_resistant / resistant / moderately_resistant / intermediate / moderately_susceptible / susceptible / highly_susceptible). Evidence: claimed (aggregated extension reviews), confidence 0.75.
https://blogs.cornell.edu/applevarietydatabase/disease-susceptibility-of-common-apples/ ↗The PRI (Purdue–Rutgers–Illinois) cooperative apple-breeding program’s Co-op series — ~45 numbered scab-resistant selections, ~15 released and named (Liberty, Redfree, Dayton, Williams’ Pride, Enterprise, Pristine = Co-op 32, GoldRush = Co-op 38, CrimsonCrisp…), the rest unreleased research selections. Facts only: breeding designation, parentage, and disease-resistance ratings (scab / cedar-apple rust / fire blight / powdery mildew), reusing the shared Cornell disease scalars; Purdue’s prose is not copied. Releases enrich the existing cultivar by name; unreleased selections become data-bearing nodes. Fetched via the stealth browser (the site WAFs plain requests).
Contributes: pri_designation, pri_parentage, pri_status, breeder, and the 4 PRI disease ratings (scab / fireblight / powdery_mildew / cedar_apple_rust susceptibility) — extends the Cornell FIELD_POLICIES authority chain. Evidence: claimed, confidence 0.6.
https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pri/ ↗The Slow Food Foundation’s global catalogue of endangered heritage foods. ~180 single apple cultivars drawn from its “fruit, nuts and fruit preserves” category — mostly obscure regional European varieties (Italy, Denmark, UK, Austria…) absent from every other source. Facts only: we store the cultivar name, country of origin, and regional designation plus a link back; the foundation’s prose descriptions are copyrighted and deliberately NOT ingested. Reference-tier evidence (confidence 0.5) so GRIN / USPTO / Wikidata win any origin conflict. Conservative resolution — creates a stub for a genuinely new heritage variety, otherwise enriches the existing cultivar via normalized-name / synonym match.
Contributes: preferred_name (stub), origin_country (reference fallback), origin_region, ark_of_taste_slug, alternateNames
https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/ ↗A provenance roster, not descriptive data: the ~4,000 apple variety names held in Nick Botner’s Oregon collection (now stewarded by the Temperate Orchard Conservancy) — the source many heritage and cider orchards draw their trees from. We record collection membership only: each name is matched to an existing cultivar by normalized name and tagged as held in the Nick Botner collection. It never creates cultivars; the ~2,900 names not yet in the graph are kept as a controlled vocabulary for resolving garbled orchard labels. Provenance-tier; no traits, no prose.
Contributes: Nick Botner collection membership (a :SOURCED_FROM provenance edge on the matched cultivar). No scalar fields.
https://www.temperateorchardconservancy.org/ ↗